An expert habitat suitability model for the disaggregation of bird survey data: Bird counts in the Netherlands downscaled from atlas block to kilometre cell

Fauna distribution data are often inadequate for the purposes of physical planning at a national scale, because of their lack of detail or incomplete spatial coverage. A method is presented in which an expert habitat suitability model is used for data disaggregation, the opposite of aggregation, and interpolation. Using this method, in this article the data on breeding birds available in the Landscape Ecological Mapping of the Netherlands (LKN) database have been downscaled from atlas blocks to kilometre cells and validated for 14 species with contrasting ecologies. The first step in this procedure is definition of the ecological profile of each species, comprising its habitat requirements and its sensitivity to disturbance. A limited number of conditioning habitat factors are used to describe the ecological profile. The ecological profile is based mainly on expert judgement. The second step involves deriving the habitat characteristics of each kilometre cell that are compatible with the habitat requirements. By comparing the ecological profile with the habitat characteristics of each grid cell, the habitat suitability of every kilometre cells is established. The third step comprises completion and modification of the distribution data. The main change involves an estimation of numbers, based on interpolation, for those atlas blocks for which only the presence of a species has been established. The final step is disaggregation of the counted and interpolated atlas block data over the 25 constituent kilometre cells on the basis of the suitability of each cell. For each step of the disaggregation method, tables and maps of the results are presented. The limitations of the model and of the dataset used are considered and some promising applications of the method discussed.     

Planning and designing for the multiple use role of habitats in urban/suburban landscapes in the Great Basin

Most researchers agree that preserving, creating, and restoring urban wildlife habitats has to be an interdisciplinary undertaking if it is to succeed. Ecologists and wildlife biologists must be key participants. The culturally modified context of most urban habitats suggests that landscape architects also have a primary role to play.Open space in the urban/suburban environment is a scarce and valuable resource. Private and public sector pressure to convert these spaces to commercial or intensive recreational uses are immediate and intense. Presenting arguments to preserve or restore urban open space solely as habitat for wildlife is seldom successful. Decision makers are more likely to support urban wildlife habitat programs if other uses are also accommodated.There is a growing body of research data that suggests that wildlife are being adversely impacted by multiple uses of urban habitats. The challenge for planners and designers is to minimize adverse impacts and capitalize on those attributes of other uses that enhance habitat value. Planning for the temporal as well as spatial dimensions of site uses is required if the needs of wildlife are to be met.The paper presents three general areas in which landscape architects have traditionally contributed to an interdisciplinary approach to urban wildlife habitat planning: contextual perspective, problem solving process, and design/technical execution.Reflecting back on his past 10 years of experience as a landscape architect planning urban wildlife habitats, the author presents several case study projects in which: (A) accommodation of multiple use objectives, including wildlife habitat, was required; (B) interdisciplinary teams participated in the planning and design process; (C) key principles from the fields of landscape ecology, conservation biology and wildlife biology were applied to facility and activity location, habitat configuration, and management.Plans of completed projects are used to illustrate how habitat values were preserved or enhanced and multiple uses accommodated in public open spaces. The paper concludes with a brief summary of keys to success common to each project.     

公共机构既有建筑绿色改造技术适宜性研究

在对600家国家机关和学校两类典型公共机构既有建筑改造项目调研基础上,分析公共机构典型既有建筑绿色改造的不同需求和绿色特征及其与绿色建筑的差距,确定适宜技术筛选范围和原则,建立公共机构既有建筑绿色改造技术体系和技术适宜性分析方法,按照绿色改造通用技术和非通用技术进行适宜性分析,确定公共机构绿色改造技术适宜性清单及适宜性等级。研究结果适合于区域绿色改造技术规划、技术初步筛选,为公共机构选择绿色改造技术提供技术指引。     

面向国土空间规划的“双评价”体系构建及广东省实践

国土空间规划"双评价"是指资源环境承载能力评价和国土空间开发适宜性评价,是新时代国土空间规划的前提和基础。文章首先梳理"双评价"方面的学术争论及规划领域"双评价"的发展历程;其次明晰新时代国土空间规划"双评价"的目标、内容和技术方法,提出构建"一个目标、两个评价、三类功能、四个维度、五个重点"的国土空间规划"双评价"体系;最后以广东省为例介绍实践经验,以期为正确认识"双评价"和科学开展"双评价"实践提供参考。     

天津临空产业区浅层地下空间适宜性评价

本文以天津临空产业区为例,利用地质环境要素对地下空间适宜性进行评价,并通过MapGIS软件实现可视化。选取了填土厚度、坑壁软土厚度、坑壁砂(粉)土厚度、坑壁含水层等效渗透系数、液化等级、腐蚀性、底板软土厚度、底板隔水层厚度、底板下含水层等效渗透系数、年沉降速率、地震震级、基本烈度、峰值加速度、断裂活动速率、地壳升降速率共15个影响滨海地区地下空间性的地质环境因素,建立了地下空间适宜性评价指标体系和评价方法,并对研究区进行了评价,结果表明,天津临空产业区地下空间Ⅰ级适宜区总面积为40.45 km²,占研究区总面积的39.65%;Ⅱ级较适宜区总面积为40.00 m²,占研究区总面积的39.22%;Ⅲ级一般区总面积为21.55 km²,占研究区总面积的21.13%。研究成果可为该区域的地下空间开发提供指导借鉴。     

消费时代人居环境解读

当今在我国的大都市中,消费文化随着城市化进程改变了我们的社会关系和生活方式, 同时也改变了我们的人居环境。本文试图从符号学的角度解读消费时代的人居环境,分析大都市中的人居环境及其在消费时代的特征,并寻找这种转变带给我们的启示及意义。     

塘类海绵生境鸟类多样性特征及其影响 因素研究

目前国内对海绵生境生物多样性方面的研究还较为欠缺,有蓄水功能的塘类海绵生境可作为鸟类觅食及栖息之地。为了探究塘类海绵生境的鸟类特征,以及生境中的设计与环境因子是如何影响鸟类群落多样性特征的,对重庆悦来会展城的干塘与湿塘进行调查,采集生境中的鸟类、植被、面积特征与环境干扰特征数据。采用聚类分析的方法明确鸟类群落组成特征,通过构建结构方程模型,探究塘类海绵生境特征因子对鸟类群落多样性特征的影响。经过四季监测实地调研,总共观测到64种鸟类,可划分为4种鸟类集团,整体鸟类群落多样性特征受到生境面积、蓄水层面积、乔木多样性、灌木多样性、乔木胸径、乔木盖度、噪声、距林地距离和距非绿地建设用地距离的显著影响。通过合理的设计策略可以提升塘类海绵生境鸟类多样性特征。本研究对于探索城市绿地小微生境的生物多样性效益,促进海绵城市精细化营建具有重要价值。     

城郊水库型水利风景区生态旅游适宜性 及景观格局研究——以四川省仙海国家水利 风景区为例

为促进中国西部地区城郊水库型水利风景区生态旅 游的繁荣与进步,基于实地踏勘、AHP法与3S技术等,以四 川省第一家国家级水利风景区——绵阳市仙海水利风景区为研 究载体,从地形、环境、资源、旅游4个维度选取实用、创新 型指标,构建一套适合城郊水库型水利风景区的生态旅游适宜 性评价体系。利用ArcGIS 10.2与Fragststa 4.2综合评判仙 海水利风景区的生态旅游环境与景观格局,最后分别从生态保 育与旅游功能角度提出优化建议。结果表明：景观格局指数结 果对生态旅游适宜性分区具有补充说明作用,仙海水利风景区 的整体景观聚集性较高,Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ级适宜区占64.18%,适 合开展复合型生态旅游产业;Ⅳ、Ⅴ级适宜区的主要优势斑块 为水域,应以生态保育为主。针对城郊水库型水利风景区的规 划应注重生态与旅游齐头并进,以期实现生态经济效益与景观 资源利用率最大化。     

三江并流世界自然遗产云岭片区居民点 发展模式研究

中国世界自然遗产及缓冲区普遍存在大量社区居 民,如何科学选择居民点发展模式是遗产保护管理中需重点关 注的问题。以云岭片区为例,首先通过对社区历史风貌、人口 结构与产业发展模式等进行田野调查,利用指标体系法从自然 条件、区位条件、人口结构、产业发展模式、景观风貌与传统 文化五方面对云岭片区居民点居住适宜性进行评估。其次,利 用物种分布模型研究居民点对滇金丝猴栖息地的影响,得到基 于遗产地核心价值保护的居民点分类结果。对以上研究结果进 行叠加分析,最终将片区内各居民点分为搬迁型、疏解型、传 统生活生产控制型和生态旅游控制型4种发展模式。研究成果 将为以标准x入选的世界自然遗产地居民点发展模式的探讨提 供技术指导和案例参照。     

景观干扰对乡村半自然生境植物多样性的 影响分析

乡村半自然生境植物多样性的影响分析,有助于推 动乡村生态景观高质量发展。村以下尺度乡村植物多样性研究 存在生境类型分析不全面、景观影响因子单一化、定量干扰机 制不深入等问题。在南京江宁西南部乡村地区,采用逐步回归 模型和广义加性模型,探讨了多种景观干扰对6类乡村半自然 生境植物多样性的影响,并提出了基于乡村植物多样性维持的 景观响应策略。结果表明：1)乡村景观格局、景观管理强度 和类型等对不同半自然生境植物多样性产生了显著影响,其综 合解释度约为10%~50%,小规模林斑、连接度高的半自然生 境、小面积池塘(<0.8hm2 )、茶田景观粗放管理方式、乡土 树种混交林等对植物多样性的正向促进作用显著;2)在所有显 著性指标中,斑块面积、斑块隔离度对各类半自然生境植物多 样性的影响最为突出,是驱动乡村植物多样性变化的重要景观 因素。